Mitigation options - Exploiting alternative water resources - Revision history

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2018-05-10T11:06:08Z

Protected "Mitigation options - Exploiting alternative water resources" ([Edit=Allow only administrators] (indefinite) [Move=Allow only administrators] (indefinite))

Gap: /* References */

‎References

Gap at 08:40, 10 August 2026

Gap: Protected "Mitigation options - Exploiting alternative water resources" ([Edit=Allow only administrators] (indefinite) [Move=Allow only administrators] (indefinite))

Protected "Mitigation options - Exploiting alternative water resources" ([Edit=Allow only administrators] (indefinite) [Move=Allow only administrators] (indefinite))

Gap at 08:40, 10 August 2026

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‎0Surface water=

Gap at 08:40, 10 August 2026

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	==References==		==References==
	For references, please visit the page [[References - Geogenic Contamination Handbook]].		For references, please visit the page [[References - Geogenic Contamination Handbook]].
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		+	==Related articles on GAP Wiki==
		+	*[[Mitigation options]]
		+	*[[Mitigation options - Arsenic treatment technologies]]
		+	*[[Mitigation options - Fluoride treatment technologies]]

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	''NOTE: Article from the Geogenic Contamination Handbook''		''NOTE: Article from the Geogenic Contamination Handbook''
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	The provision of drinking water from alternative sources that are not contaminated with arsenic and fluoride has proven to be a popular mitigation option. In Bangladesh, for example, “well switching” is most commonly used for mitigation of arsenic contamination. The underlying reason for this is the difficulty, in terms of acceptance, supply, monitoring, maintenance and overall cost, in establishing technologies to remove contaminants. Therefore, before efforts are made to treat contaminated water, it is worthwhile to determine whether alternative water resources are available.		The provision of drinking water from alternative sources that are not contaminated with arsenic and fluoride has proven to be a popular mitigation option. In Bangladesh, for example, “well switching” is most commonly used for mitigation of arsenic contamination. The underlying reason for this is the difficulty, in terms of acceptance, supply, monitoring, maintenance and overall cost, in establishing technologies to remove contaminants. Therefore, before efforts are made to treat contaminated water, it is worthwhile to determine whether alternative water resources are available.

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:40, 10 August 2026
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		+	''NOTE: Article from the Geogenic Contamination Handbook''
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	The provision of drinking water from alternative sources that are not contaminated with arsenic and fluoride has proven to be a popular mitigation option. In Bangladesh, for example, “well switching” is most commonly used for mitigation of arsenic contamination. The underlying reason for this is the difficulty, in terms of acceptance, supply, monitoring, maintenance and overall cost, in establishing technologies to remove contaminants. Therefore, before efforts are made to treat contaminated water, it is worthwhile to determine whether alternative water resources are available.		The provision of drinking water from alternative sources that are not contaminated with arsenic and fluoride has proven to be a popular mitigation option. In Bangladesh, for example, “well switching” is most commonly used for mitigation of arsenic contamination. The underlying reason for this is the difficulty, in terms of acceptance, supply, monitoring, maintenance and overall cost, in establishing technologies to remove contaminants. Therefore, before efforts are made to treat contaminated water, it is worthwhile to determine whether alternative water resources are available.
	Resource availability is a question of scale and thus of institutional engagement:		Resource availability is a question of scale and thus of institutional engagement:

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	A growing body of evidence demonstrates that the use of HWTS methods improves the microbial quality of household water and reduces the burden of diarrhoeal disease in users (Fewtrell et al., 2005; Clasen et al., 2007; Waddington and Snilstveit 2009). Several HWTS methods have been proven to improve drinking-water quality significantly, both in the laboratory and in field trials in developing countries (Clasen et al., 2007; WHO, 2011). These HWTS methods include filtration, chemical disinfection, disinfection with heat (boiling, pasteurisation) and the use of flocculants and/or disinfectants. The role of the International Network on Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage (the “Network”) is in part to coordinate the effective implementation of such options. The Network, established in 2003 by WHO, and as of 2011 co-hosted by WHO and UNICEF, includes over 100 international, governmental and non-governmental organisations, private sector entities and university research departments that are actively involved in household water treatment and safe storage policy, research, implementation, monitoring and evaluation.		A growing body of evidence demonstrates that the use of HWTS methods improves the microbial quality of household water and reduces the burden of diarrhoeal disease in users (Fewtrell et al., 2005; Clasen et al., 2007; Waddington and Snilstveit 2009). Several HWTS methods have been proven to improve drinking-water quality significantly, both in the laboratory and in field trials in developing countries (Clasen et al., 2007; WHO, 2011). These HWTS methods include filtration, chemical disinfection, disinfection with heat (boiling, pasteurisation) and the use of flocculants and/or disinfectants. The role of the International Network on Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage (the “Network”) is in part to coordinate the effective implementation of such options. The Network, established in 2003 by WHO, and as of 2011 co-hosted by WHO and UNICEF, includes over 100 international, governmental and non-governmental organisations, private sector entities and university research departments that are actively involved in household water treatment and safe storage policy, research, implementation, monitoring and evaluation.
	Additional resources can be found in the WHO/UNICEF toolkit (WHO/UNICEF 2012) and at the [http://www.sswm.info/category/implementation-tools/water-purification SSWM portal (Sustainable Sanitation and Water Management Toolbox)].		Additional resources can be found in the WHO/UNICEF toolkit (WHO/UNICEF 2012) and at the [http://www.sswm.info/category/implementation-tools/water-purification SSWM portal (Sustainable Sanitation and Water Management Toolbox)].
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		+	==References==
		+	For references, please visit the page [[References - Geogenic Contamination Handbook]].

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 <br>
-=0Surface water==
+==Surface water==
 Surface water is the water found in rivers and lakes. Surface water is replenished naturally by precipitation and is “lost” naturally through discharge to the seas and oceans, by evapotranspiration, by evaporation and by sub-surface seepage. Although the only natural input to any surface-water system is precipitation within its watershed, the total quantity of water in that system at any given time is also dependent on many other factors. These factors include storage capacity in lakes, wetlands and artificial reservoirs, the permeability of the soil beneath these storage bodies, the runoff characteristics of the land in the watershed, the timing of the precipitation and its interaction with groundwater, and local evaporation rates. All of these factors also affect the proportions of water lost.

← Older revision	Revision as of 11:06, 10 May 2018
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 <br>
-=Surface water=
+=0Surface water==
 Surface water is the water found in rivers and lakes. Surface water is replenished naturally by precipitation and is “lost” naturally through discharge to the seas and oceans, by evapotranspiration, by evaporation and by sub-surface seepage. Although the only natural input to any surface-water system is precipitation within its watershed, the total quantity of water in that system at any given time is also dependent on many other factors. These factors include storage capacity in lakes, wetlands and artificial reservoirs, the permeability of the soil beneath these storage bodies, the runoff characteristics of the land in the watershed, the timing of the precipitation and its interaction with groundwater, and local evaporation rates. All of these factors also affect the proportions of water lost.
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-=Groundwater=
+==Groundwater==
 Groundwater is water that fills the cracks and spaces between underground rocks and sediments. Underground rocks and sediments that hold substantial amounts of water are called aquifers – these can gain water from, or lose water to, surface water bodies. Sometimes it is useful to make a distinction between shallow aquifers that are closely associated with surface water and deep aquifers that are isolated from the surface, containing what is sometimes called "fossil water".
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-=Rainwater=
+==Rainwater==
 Rainwater is the ultimate source of all drinking water in the long term, since it replenishes both surface water and groundwater. Rainwater can also be captured directly and used as drinking water. However, rainwater is highly variable in its spatial and temporal distribution, so the use of rainwater for drinking often requires significant storage or distribution capacity. Whether rainwater harvesting is viable in a certain region depends very much on the yearly amount and distribution of rainfall. Rainwater is a main drinking-water source for relatively few people, but in some settings on ocean shores or islands, it can be the only source of drinking water.
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-=Household water treatment and safe storage=
+==Household water treatment and safe storage==
 Regardless of its source, drinking water can easily become contaminated with pathogens through unhygienic distribution, collection, handling and storage (Wright, et al., 2004). One approach to minimising the adverse health impacts of such contamination is to promote microbial treatment at the household level, or Household Water Treatment, combined with safe storage (HWTS).
 A growing body of evidence demonstrates that the use of HWTS methods improves the microbial quality of household water and reduces the burden of diarrhoeal disease in users (Fewtrell et al., 2005; Clasen et al., 2007; Waddington and Snilstveit 2009). Several HWTS methods have been proven to improve drinking-water quality significantly, both in the laboratory and in field trials in developing countries (Clasen et al., 2007; WHO, 2011). These HWTS methods include filtration, chemical disinfection, disinfection with heat (boiling, pasteurisation) and the use of flocculants and/or disinfectants. The role of the International Network on Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage (the “Network”) is in part to coordinate the effective implementation of such options. The Network, established in 2003 by WHO, and as of 2011 co-hosted by WHO and UNICEF, includes over 100 international, governmental and non-governmental organisations, private sector entities and university research departments that are actively involved in household water treatment and safe storage policy, research, implementation, monitoring and evaluation.
 Additional resources can be found in the WHO/UNICEF toolkit (WHO/UNICEF 2012) and at the [http://www.sswm.info/category/implementation-tools/water-purification SSWM portal (Sustainable Sanitation and Water Management Toolbox)].